dashing.cpp

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/*
 * Copyright 2012 Google Inc.
 *
 * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 * found in the LICENSE file.
 */
 
#include "gm/gm.h"
#include "include/core/SkCanvas.h"
#include "include/core/SkColor.h"
#include "include/core/SkFont.h"
#include "include/core/SkMatrix.h"
#include "include/core/SkPaint.h"
#include "include/core/SkPathBuilder.h"
#include "include/core/SkPathEffect.h"
#include "include/core/SkPoint.h"
#include "include/core/SkRect.h"
#include "include/core/SkScalar.h"
#include "include/core/SkSize.h"
#include "include/core/SkString.h"
#include "include/core/SkTypeface.h"
#include "include/core/SkTypes.h"
#include "include/effects/SkDashPathEffect.h"
#include "tools/ToolUtils.h"
#include "tools/fonts/FontToolUtils.h"
 
#include <math.h>
#include <initializer_list>
 
static void drawline(SkCanvas* canvas, int on, int off, const SkPaint& paint,
                     SkScalar finalX = SkIntToScalar(600), SkScalar finalY = SkIntToScalar(0),
                     SkScalar phase = SkIntToScalar(0),
                     SkScalar startX = SkIntToScalar(0), SkScalar startY = SkIntToScalar(0)) {
    SkPaint p(paint);
 
    const SkScalar intervals[] = {
        SkIntToScalar(on),
        SkIntToScalar(off),
    };
 
    p.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(intervals, 2, phase));
    canvas->drawLine(startX, startY, finalX, finalY, p);
}
 
// earlier bug stopped us from drawing very long single-segment dashes, because
// SkPathMeasure was skipping very small delta-T values (nearlyzero). This is
// now fixes, so this giant dash should appear.
static void show_giant_dash(SkCanvas* canvas) {
    SkPaint paint;
 
    drawline(canvas, 1, 1, paint, SkIntToScalar(20 * 1000));
}
 
static void show_zero_len_dash(SkCanvas* canvas) {
    SkPaint paint;
 
    drawline(canvas, 2, 2, paint, SkIntToScalar(0));
    paint.setStroke(true);
    paint.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(2));
    canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
    drawline(canvas, 4, 4, paint, SkIntToScalar(0));
}
 
class DashingGM : public skiagm::GM {
    SkString getName() const override { return SkString("dashing"); }
 
    SkISize getISize() override { return {640, 340}; }
 
    void onDraw(SkCanvas* canvas) override {
        struct Intervals {
            int fOnInterval;
            int fOffInterval;
        };
 
        SkPaint paint;
        paint.setStroke(true);
 
        canvas->translate(SkIntToScalar(20), SkIntToScalar(20));
        canvas->translate(0, SK_ScalarHalf);
        for (int width = 0; width <= 2; ++width) {
            for (const Intervals& data : {Intervals{1, 1},
                                          Intervals{4, 1}}) {
                for (bool aa : {false, true}) {
                    int w = width * width * width;
                    paint.setAntiAlias(aa);
                    paint.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(w));
 
                    int scale = w ? w : 1;
 
                    drawline(canvas, data.fOnInterval * scale, data.fOffInterval * scale,
                             paint);
                    canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
                }
            }
        }
 
        show_giant_dash(canvas);
        canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
        show_zero_len_dash(canvas);
        canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
        // Draw 0 on, 0 off dashed line
        paint.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(8));
        drawline(canvas, 0, 0, paint);
    }
};
 
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
static SkPath make_unit_star(int n) {
    SkScalar rad = -SK_ScalarPI / 2;
    const SkScalar drad = (n >> 1) * SK_ScalarPI * 2 / n;
 
    SkPathBuilder b;
    b.moveTo(0, -SK_Scalar1);
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        rad += drad;
        b.lineTo(SkScalarCos(rad), SkScalarSin(rad));
    }
    return b.close().detach();
}
 
static SkPath make_path_line(const SkRect& bounds) {
    return SkPathBuilder().moveTo(bounds.left(), bounds.top())
                          .lineTo(bounds.right(), bounds.bottom())
                          .detach();
}
 
static SkPath make_path_rect(const SkRect& bounds) {
    return SkPath::Rect(bounds);
}
 
static SkPath make_path_oval(const SkRect& bounds) {
    return SkPath::Oval(bounds);
}
 
static SkPath make_path_star(const SkRect& bounds) {
    SkPath path = make_unit_star(5);
    SkMatrix matrix = SkMatrix::RectToRect(path.getBounds(), bounds, SkMatrix::kCenter_ScaleToFit);
    return path.makeTransform(matrix);
}
 
class Dashing2GM : public skiagm::GM {
    SkString getName() const override { return SkString("dashing2"); }
 
    SkISize getISize() override { return {640, 480}; }
 
    void onDraw(SkCanvas* canvas) override {
        constexpr int gIntervals[] = {
            3,  // 3 dashes: each count [0] followed by intervals [1..count]
            2,  10, 10,
            4,  20, 5, 5, 5,
            2,  2, 2
        };
 
        SkPath (*gProc[])(const SkRect&) = {
            make_path_line, make_path_rect, make_path_oval, make_path_star,
        };
 
        SkPaint paint;
        paint.setAntiAlias(true);
        paint.setStroke(true);
        paint.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(6));
 
        SkRect bounds = SkRect::MakeWH(SkIntToScalar(120), SkIntToScalar(120));
        bounds.offset(SkIntToScalar(20), SkIntToScalar(20));
        SkScalar dx = bounds.width() * 4 / 3;
        SkScalar dy = bounds.height() * 4 / 3;
 
        const int* intervals = &gIntervals[1];
        for (int y = 0; y < gIntervals[0]; ++y) {
            SkScalar vals[std::size(gIntervals)];  // more than enough
            int count = *intervals++;
            for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
                vals[i] = SkIntToScalar(*intervals++);
            }
            SkScalar phase = vals[0] / 2;
            paint.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(vals, count, phase));
 
            for (size_t x = 0; x < std::size(gProc); ++x) {
                SkPath path;
                SkRect r = bounds;
                r.offset(x * dx, y * dy);
                canvas->drawPath(gProc[x](r), paint);
            }
        }
    }
};
 
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
// Test out the on/off line dashing Chrome if fond of
class Dashing3GM : public skiagm::GM {
    SkString getName() const override { return SkString("dashing3"); }
 
    SkISize getISize() override { return {640, 480}; }
 
    // Draw a 100x100 block of dashed lines. The horizontal ones are BW
    // while the vertical ones are AA.
    void drawDashedLines(SkCanvas* canvas,
                         SkScalar lineLength,
                         SkScalar phase,
                         SkScalar dashLength,
                         int strokeWidth,
                         bool circles) {
        SkPaint p;
        p.setColor(SK_ColorBLACK);
        p.setStroke(true);
        p.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(strokeWidth));
 
        if (circles) {
            p.setStrokeCap(SkPaint::kRound_Cap);
        }
 
        SkScalar intervals[2] = { dashLength, dashLength };
 
        p.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(intervals, 2, phase));
 
        SkPoint pts[2];
 
        for (int y = 0; y < 100; y += 10*strokeWidth) {
            pts[0].set(0, SkIntToScalar(y));
            pts[1].set(lineLength, SkIntToScalar(y));
 
            canvas->drawPoints(SkCanvas::kLines_PointMode, 2, pts, p);
        }
 
        p.setAntiAlias(true);
 
        for (int x = 0; x < 100; x += 14*strokeWidth) {
            pts[0].set(SkIntToScalar(x), 0);
            pts[1].set(SkIntToScalar(x), lineLength);
 
            canvas->drawPoints(SkCanvas::kLines_PointMode, 2, pts, p);
        }
    }
 
    void onDraw(SkCanvas* canvas) override {
        // 1on/1off 1x1 squares with phase of 0 - points fastpath
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(2, 0);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, 0, SK_Scalar1, 1, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 1x1 squares with phase of .5 - rects fastpath (due to partial squares)
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(112, 0);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, SK_ScalarHalf, SK_Scalar1, 1, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 1x1 squares with phase of 1 - points fastpath
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(222, 0);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, SK_Scalar1, SK_Scalar1, 1, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 1x1 squares with phase of 1 and non-integer length - rects fastpath
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(332, 0);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 99.5f, SK_ScalarHalf, SK_Scalar1, 1, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 255on/255off 1x1 squares with phase of 0 - rects fast path
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(446, 0);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, 0, SkIntToScalar(255), 1, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 3x3 squares with phase of 0 - points fast path
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(2, 110);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, 0, SkIntToScalar(3), 3, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 3x3 squares with phase of 1.5 - rects fast path
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(112, 110);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, 1.5f, SkIntToScalar(3), 3, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 1x1 circles with phase of 1 - no fast path yet
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(2, 220);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, SK_Scalar1, SK_Scalar1, 1, true);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 3x3 circles with phase of 1 - no fast path yet
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(112, 220);
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, 0, SkIntToScalar(3), 3, true);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 1on/1off 1x1 squares with rotation - should break fast path
        canvas->save();
            canvas->translate(332+SK_ScalarRoot2Over2*100, 110+SK_ScalarRoot2Over2*100);
            canvas->rotate(45);
            canvas->translate(-50, -50);
 
            this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, SK_Scalar1, SK_Scalar1, 1, false);
        canvas->restore();
 
        // 3on/3off 3x1 rects - should use rect fast path regardless of phase
        for (int phase = 0; phase <= 3; ++phase) {
            canvas->save();
                canvas->translate(SkIntToScalar(phase*110+2),
                                  SkIntToScalar(330));
                this->drawDashedLines(canvas, 100, SkIntToScalar(phase), SkIntToScalar(3), 1, false);
            canvas->restore();
        }
    }
 
};
 
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
class Dashing4GM : public skiagm::GM {
    SkString getName() const override { return SkString("dashing4"); }
 
    SkISize getISize() override { return {640, 1100}; }
 
    void onDraw(SkCanvas* canvas) override {
        struct Intervals {
            int fOnInterval;
            int fOffInterval;
        };
 
        SkPaint paint;
        paint.setStroke(true);
 
        canvas->translate(SkIntToScalar(20), SkIntToScalar(20));
        canvas->translate(SK_ScalarHalf, SK_ScalarHalf);
 
        for (int width = 0; width <= 2; ++width) {
            for (const Intervals& data : {Intervals{1, 1},
                                          Intervals{4, 2},
                                          Intervals{0, 4}}) { // test for zero length on interval.
                                                              // zero length intervals should draw
                                                              // a line of squares or circles
                for (bool aa : {false, true}) {
                    for (auto cap : {SkPaint::kRound_Cap, SkPaint::kSquare_Cap}) {
                        int w = width * width * width;
                        paint.setAntiAlias(aa);
                        paint.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(w));
                        paint.setStrokeCap(cap);
 
                        int scale = w ? w : 1;
 
                        drawline(canvas, data.fOnInterval * scale, data.fOffInterval * scale,
                                 paint);
                        canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
 
        for (int aa = 0; aa <= 1; ++aa) {
            paint.setAntiAlias(SkToBool(aa));
            paint.setStrokeWidth(8.f);
            paint.setStrokeCap(SkPaint::kSquare_Cap);
            // Single dash element that is cut off at start and end
            drawline(canvas, 32, 16, paint, 20.f, 0, 5.f);
            canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
 
            // Two dash elements where each one is cut off at beginning and end respectively
            drawline(canvas, 32, 16, paint, 56.f, 0, 5.f);
            canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
 
            // Many dash elements where first and last are cut off at beginning and end respectively
            drawline(canvas, 32, 16, paint, 584.f, 0, 5.f);
            canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
 
            // Diagonal dash line where src pnts are not axis aligned (as apposed to being diagonal from
            // a canvas rotation)
            drawline(canvas, 32, 16, paint, 600.f, 30.f);
            canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
 
            // Case where only the off interval exists on the line. Thus nothing should be drawn
            drawline(canvas, 32, 16, paint, 8.f, 0.f, 40.f);
            canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(20));
        }
 
        // Test overlapping circles.
        canvas->translate(SkIntToScalar(5), SkIntToScalar(20));
        paint.setAntiAlias(true);
        paint.setStrokeCap(SkPaint::kRound_Cap);
        paint.setColor(0x44000000);
        paint.setStrokeWidth(40);
        drawline(canvas, 0, 30, paint);
 
        canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(50));
        paint.setStrokeCap(SkPaint::kSquare_Cap);
        drawline(canvas, 0, 30, paint);
 
        // Test we draw the cap when the line length is zero.
        canvas->translate(0, SkIntToScalar(50));
        paint.setStrokeCap(SkPaint::kRound_Cap);
        paint.setColor(0xFF000000);
        paint.setStrokeWidth(11);
        drawline(canvas, 0, 30, paint, 0);
 
        canvas->translate(SkIntToScalar(100), 0);
        drawline(canvas, 1, 30, paint, 0);
    }
};
 
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
class Dashing5GM : public skiagm::GM {
public:
    Dashing5GM(bool doAA) : fDoAA(doAA) {}
 
private:
    bool runAsBench() const override { return true; }
 
    SkString getName() const override { return SkString(fDoAA ? "dashing5_aa" : "dashing5_bw"); }
 
    SkISize getISize() override { return {400, 200}; }
 
    void onDraw(SkCanvas* canvas) override {
        constexpr int kOn = 4;
        constexpr int kOff = 4;
        constexpr int kIntervalLength = kOn + kOff;
 
        constexpr SkColor gColors[kIntervalLength] = {
            SK_ColorRED,
            SK_ColorGREEN,
            SK_ColorBLUE,
            SK_ColorCYAN,
            SK_ColorMAGENTA,
            SK_ColorYELLOW,
            SK_ColorGRAY,
            SK_ColorDKGRAY
        };
 
        SkPaint paint;
        paint.setStroke(true);
 
        paint.setAntiAlias(fDoAA);
 
        SkMatrix rot;
        rot.setRotate(90);
        SkASSERT(rot.rectStaysRect());
 
        canvas->concat(rot);
 
        int sign;       // used to toggle the direction of the lines
        int phase = 0;
 
        for (int x = 0; x < 200; x += 10) {
            paint.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(phase+1));
            paint.setColor(gColors[phase]);
            sign = (x % 20) ? 1 : -1;
            drawline(canvas, kOn, kOff, paint,
                     SkIntToScalar(x), -sign * SkIntToScalar(10003),
                     SkIntToScalar(phase),
                     SkIntToScalar(x),  sign * SkIntToScalar(10003));
            phase = (phase + 1) % kIntervalLength;
        }
 
        for (int y = -400; y < 0; y += 10) {
            paint.setStrokeWidth(SkIntToScalar(phase+1));
            paint.setColor(gColors[phase]);
            sign = (y % 20) ? 1 : -1;
            drawline(canvas, kOn, kOff, paint,
                     -sign * SkIntToScalar(10003), SkIntToScalar(y),
                     SkIntToScalar(phase),
                      sign * SkIntToScalar(10003), SkIntToScalar(y));
            phase = (phase + 1) % kIntervalLength;
        }
    }
 
private:
    bool fDoAA;
};
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(longpathdash, canvas, 612, 612) {
    SkPath lines;
    for (int x = 32; x < 256; x += 16) {
        for (SkScalar a = 0; a < 3.141592f * 2; a += 0.03141592f) {
            SkPoint pts[2] = {
                { 256 + (float) sin(a) * x,
                  256 + (float) cos(a) * x },
                { 256 + (float) sin(a + 3.141592 / 3) * (x + 64),
                  256 + (float) cos(a + 3.141592 / 3) * (x + 64) }
            };
            lines.moveTo(pts[0]);
            for (SkScalar i = 0; i < 1; i += 0.05f) {
                lines.lineTo(pts[0].fX * (1 - i) + pts[1].fX * i,
                             pts[0].fY * (1 - i) + pts[1].fY * i);
            }
        }
    }
    SkPaint p;
    p.setAntiAlias(true);
    p.setStroke(true);
    p.setStrokeWidth(1);
    const SkScalar intervals[] = { 1, 1 };
    p.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(intervals, std::size(intervals), 0));
 
    canvas->translate(50, 50);
    canvas->drawPath(lines, p);
}
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(longlinedash, canvas, 512, 512) {
    SkPaint p;
    p.setAntiAlias(true);
    p.setStroke(true);
    p.setStrokeWidth(80);
 
    const SkScalar intervals[] = { 2, 2 };
    p.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(intervals, std::size(intervals), 0));
    canvas->drawRect(SkRect::MakeXYWH(-10000, 100, 20000, 20), p);
}
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(dashbigrects, canvas, 256, 256) {
    SkRandom rand;
 
    constexpr int kHalfStrokeWidth = 8;
    constexpr int kOnOffInterval = 2*kHalfStrokeWidth;
 
    canvas->clear(SkColors::kBlack);
 
    SkPaint p;
    p.setAntiAlias(true);
    p.setStroke(true);
    p.setStrokeWidth(2*kHalfStrokeWidth);
    p.setStrokeCap(SkPaint::kButt_Cap);
 
    constexpr SkScalar intervals[] = { kOnOffInterval, kOnOffInterval };
    p.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(intervals, std::size(intervals), 0));
 
    constexpr float gWidthHeights[] = {
        1000000000.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        1000000.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        1000.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        100.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        10.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        9.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        8.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        7.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        6.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        5.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
        4.0f * kOnOffInterval + kOnOffInterval/2.0f,
    };
 
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(gWidthHeights); ++i) {
        p.setColor(ToolUtils::color_to_565(rand.nextU() | (0xFF << 24)));
 
        int offset = 2 * i * kHalfStrokeWidth + kHalfStrokeWidth;
        canvas->drawRect(SkRect::MakeXYWH(offset, offset, gWidthHeights[i], gWidthHeights[i]), p);
    }
}
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(longwavyline, canvas, 512, 512) {
    SkPaint p;
    p.setAntiAlias(true);
    p.setStroke(true);
    p.setStrokeWidth(2);
 
    SkPath wavy;
    wavy.moveTo(-10000, 100);
    for (SkScalar i = -10000; i < 10000; i += 20) {
        wavy.quadTo(i + 5, 95, i + 10, 100);
        wavy.quadTo(i + 15, 105, i + 20, 100);
    }
    canvas->drawPath(wavy, p);
}
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(dashtextcaps, canvas, 512, 512) {
    SkPaint p;
    p.setAntiAlias(true);
    p.setStroke(true);
    p.setStrokeWidth(10);
    p.setStrokeCap(SkPaint::kRound_Cap);
    p.setStrokeJoin(SkPaint::kRound_Join);
    p.setARGB(0xff, 0xbb, 0x00, 0x00);
 
    SkFont font(ToolUtils::DefaultPortableTypeface(), 100);
 
    const SkScalar intervals[] = { 12, 12 };
    p.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(intervals, std::size(intervals), 0));
    canvas->drawString("Sausages", 10, 90, font, p);
    canvas->drawLine(8, 120, 456, 120, p);
}
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(dash_line_zero_off_interval, canvas, 160, 330) {
    static constexpr SkScalar kIntervals[] = {5.f, 0.f, 2.f, 0.f};
    SkPaint dashPaint;
    dashPaint.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(kIntervals, std::size(kIntervals), 0.f));
    SkASSERT(dashPaint.getPathEffect());
    dashPaint.setStroke(true);
    dashPaint.setStrokeWidth(20.f);
    static constexpr struct {
        SkPoint fA, fB;
    } kLines[] = {{{0.5f, 0.5f}, {30.5f, 0.5f}},    // horizontal
                  {{0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.5f, 30.5f}},    // vertical
                  {{0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.5f, 0.5f}},     // point
                  {{0.5f, 0.5f}, {25.5f, 25.5f}}};  // diagonal
    SkScalar pad = 5.f + dashPaint.getStrokeWidth();
    canvas->translate(pad / 2.f, pad / 2.f);
    canvas->save();
    SkScalar h = 0.f;
    for (const auto& line : kLines) {
        h = std::max(h, SkScalarAbs(line.fA.fY - line.fB.fY));
    }
    for (const auto& line : kLines) {
        SkScalar w = SkScalarAbs(line.fA.fX - line.fB.fX);
        for (auto cap : {SkPaint::kButt_Cap, SkPaint::kSquare_Cap, SkPaint::kRound_Cap}) {
            dashPaint.setStrokeCap(cap);
            for (auto aa : {false, true}) {
                dashPaint.setAntiAlias(aa);
                canvas->drawLine(line.fA, line.fB, dashPaint);
                canvas->translate(0.f, pad + h);
            }
        }
        canvas->restore();
        canvas->translate(pad + w, 0.f);
        canvas->save();
    }
}
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(thin_aa_dash_lines, canvas, 330, 110) {
    SkPaint paint;
    static constexpr SkScalar kScale = 100.f;
    static constexpr SkScalar kIntervals[] = {10/kScale, 5/kScale};
    paint.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(kIntervals, std::size(kIntervals), 0.f));
    paint.setAntiAlias(true);
    paint.setStrokeWidth(0.25f/kScale);
    // substep moves the subpixel offset every iteration.
    static constexpr SkScalar kSubstep = 0.05f/kScale;
    // We will draw a grid of horiz/vertical lines that pass through each other's off intervals.
    static constexpr SkScalar kStep = kIntervals[0] + kIntervals[1];
    canvas->scale(kScale, kScale);
    canvas->translate(kIntervals[1], kIntervals[1]);
    for (auto c : {SkPaint::kButt_Cap, SkPaint::kSquare_Cap, SkPaint::kRound_Cap}) {
        paint.setStrokeCap(c);
        for (SkScalar x = -.5f*kIntervals[1]; x < 105/kScale; x += (kStep + kSubstep)) {
            canvas->drawLine({x, 0}, {x, 100/kScale}, paint);
            canvas->drawLine({0, x}, {100/kScale, x}, paint);
        }
        canvas->translate(110/kScale, 0);
    }
}
 
DEF_SIMPLE_GM(path_effect_empty_result, canvas, 100, 100) {
    SkPaint p;
    p.setStroke(true);
    p.setStrokeWidth(1);
 
    SkPath path;
    float r = 70;
    float l = 70;
    float t = 70;
    float b = 70;
    path.moveTo(l, t);
    path.lineTo(r, t);
    path.lineTo(r, b);
    path.lineTo(l, b);
    path.close();
 
    float dashes[] = {2.f, 2.f};
    p.setPathEffect(SkDashPathEffect::Make(dashes, 2, 0.f));
 
    canvas->drawPath(path, p);
}
 
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
DEF_GM(return new DashingGM;)
DEF_GM(return new Dashing2GM;)
DEF_GM(return new Dashing3GM;)
DEF_GM(return new Dashing4GM;)
DEF_GM(return new Dashing5GM(true);)
DEF_GM(return new Dashing5GM(false);)